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Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann. 2011. Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800-1900. Vol. The California world history library. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Clark, Bruce. 2007. Twice a Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey. London: Granta.

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Fahmy, Khaled. 2009. Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt. Vol. Makers of the Muslim world. Oxford: Oneworld.

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Findley, Carter V. and History E-Book Project. 1980. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. Electronic resource. Vol. Princeton studies in the Near East. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. http://0-hdl.handle.net.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/2027/heb.00881.0001.001.

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Fortna, Benjamin C. 2002. Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late  Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fortna, Benjamin C., Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis, and Paraskevas Konortas. 2013. State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox and Muslims, 1830-1945. Vol. SOAS/Routledge studies on the Middle East. London: Routledge.

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