ABIOLA, DOROTHY, THOZHUKAT SATHYAPALAN, and DAVID HEPBURN. 2016a. ‘Management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Requiring Insulin’. Prescriber.
ABIOLA, DOROTHY, THOZHUKAT SATHYAPALAN, and DAVID HEPBURN. 2016b. ‘Management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Requiring Insulin’. Prescriber.
Anon. 2008. ‘Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 358(24):2545–59. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743.
Anon. 2015. ‘Effects of Liraglutide on Glycemic Control :Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine’.
Anon. 2017. ‘Diabetes Care: 40 (Supplement 1)’. Diabetes Care 40(Supplement 1).
Anon. n.d.-a. ‘Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | InTechOpen’. Retrieved (https://www.intechopen.com/books/pathophysiology-and-complications-of-diabetes-mellitus).
Anon. n.d.-b. ‘Essential Values-Based Practice Is Supported by a Website Jointly Hosted by Cambridge University Press and Warwick Medical School at Http://Www.Go.Warwick.Ac.Uk/Values-Basedpractice’. Retrieved (http://valuesbasedpractice.org/).
Anon. n.d.-c. ‘NHS Evidence, an Offshoot of NICE, Provides Basic Information on Evidence-Based Management of Many Common Conditions, Including Diabetes, and Can Be Found at Https://Www.Evidence.Nhs.Uk/’. Retrieved (https://www.evidence.nhs.uk/).
Anon. n.d.-d. ‘Pediatric Diabetes’. 15(S20).
Anon. n.d.-e. ‘The American Diabetes Association’. Retrieved (https://www.diabetes.org/).
Anon. n.d.-f. ‘The Cochrane Collaboration at Http://Www.Cochrane.Org/ Helps "healthcare Practitioners, Policy-Makers, Patients, Their Advocates and Carers Make Well-Informed Decisions about Health Care, by Preparing, Updating, and Promoting the Accessibility of Cochrane Reviews.”’. Retrieved (http://www.cochrane.org/).
Anon. n.d.-g. ‘The Commercial but Not-for-Profit Trip Database at Http://Www.Tripdatabase.Com Claims to Be "the Internet’s Premier Source of Evidence-Based Content”’. Retrieved (http://www.tripdatabase.com/).
Anon. n.d.-h. ‘The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Critical Appraisal Checklists Can Be Downloaded from Http://Www.Casp-Uk.Net/’. Retrieved (https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/).
Anon. n.d.-i. ‘The European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)’. Retrieved (http://www.easd.org/).
Anon. n.d.-j. ‘The George Eliot Diabetes Care Team’s Alphabet Strategy Website Is at Www.Abcdiabetes.Co.Uk’. Retrieved (http://www.abcdiabetes.co.uk/).
Anon. n.d.-k. ‘The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Is at Http://Www.Idf.Org’. Retrieved (http://www.idf.org/).
Anon. n.d.-l. ‘The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Website Is at Http://Www.Sign.Ac.Uk’. Retrieved (http://www.sign.ac.uk/).
Bangstad, Hans-Jacob, Thomas Danne, Larry Deeb, Przemyslawa Jarosz-Chobot, Tatsuhiko Urakami, and Ragnar Hanas. 2009. ‘Insulin Treatment in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes’. Pediatric Diabetes 10(6):82–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00578.x.
Caverly, Tanner J., Angela Fagerlin, Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher, Susan Kirsh, Jeffrey Todd Kullgren, Katherine Prenovost, and Eve A. Kerr. 2015. ‘Appropriate Prescribing for Patients With Diabetes at High Risk for Hypoglycemia’. JAMA Internal Medicine. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5950.
Chen, Liang, Jian-Hao Pei, Jian Kuang, Hong-Mei Chen, Zhong Chen, Zhong-Wen Li, and Hua-Zhang Yang. 2015. ‘Effect of Lifestyle Intervention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis’. Metabolism 64(2):338–47.
Crowley, Matthew J., Clarissa J. Diamantidis, Jennifer R. McDuffie, C. Blake Cameron, John W. Stanifer, Clare K. Mock, Xianwei Wang, Shuang Tang, Avishek Nagi, Andrzej S. Kosinski, and John W. Williams. 2017. ‘Clinical Outcomes of Metformin Use in Populations With Chronic Kidney Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, or Chronic Liver Disease’. Annals of Internal Medicine 166(3). doi: 10.7326/M16-1901.
Dauriz, Marco, Giovanni Targher, Cécile Laroche, Pier Luigi Temporelli, Roberto Ferrari, Stephan Anker, Andrew Coats, Gerasimos Filippatos, Maria Crespo-Leiro, Alexandre Mebazaa, Massimo F. Piepoli, Aldo P. Maggioni, and Luigi Tavazzi. 2017. ‘Association Between Diabetes and 1-Year Adverse Clinical Outcomes in a Multinational Cohort of Ambulatory Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Results From the ESC-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry’. Diabetes Care 40(5):671–78. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2016.
Ettehad, Dena, Connor A. Emdin, Amit Kiran, Simon G. Anderson, Thomas Callender, Jonathan Emberson, John Chalmers, Anthony Rodgers, and Kazem Rahimi. 2015. ‘Blood Pressure Lowering for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. The Lancet. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8.
Fadini, Gian Paolo, Benedetta Maria Bonora, and Angelo Avogaro. 2017. ‘SGLT2 Inhibitors and Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System’. Diabetologia 60(8):1385–89.
Filippatos, T. D., V. Tsimihodimos, and M. S. Elisaf. 2016a. ‘Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Reduction with Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors’. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 17(12):1581–83.
Filippatos, T. D., V. Tsimihodimos, and M. S. Elisaf. 2016b. ‘Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Reduction with Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors’. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 17(12):1581–83.
Fralick, Michael, Sebastian Schneeweiss, and Elisabetta Patorno. 2017. ‘Risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis after Initiation of an SGLT2 Inhibitor’. New England Journal of Medicine 376(23):2300–2302.
Gæde, Peter, Henrik Lund-Andersen, Hans-Henrik Parving, and Oluf Pedersen. 2008. ‘Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 358(6):580–91.
Gæde, Peter, Jens Oellgaard, Bendix Carstensen, Peter Rossing, Henrik Lund-Andersen, Hans-Henrik Parving, and Oluf Pedersen. 2016. ‘Years of Life Gained by Multifactorial Intervention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Microalbuminuria: 21 Years Follow-up on the Steno-2 Randomised Trial’. Diabetologia 59(11):2298–2307. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4065-6.
Green, Jennifer B., M. Angelyn Bethel, Paul W. Armstrong, John B. Buse, Samuel S. Engel, Jyotsna Garg, Robert Josse, Keith D. Kaufman, Joerg Koglin, Scott Korn, John M. Lachin, Darren K. McGuire, Michael J. Pencina, Eberhard Standl, Peter P. Stein, Shailaja Suryawanshi, Frans Van de Werf, Eric D. Peterson, and Rury R. Holman. 2015. ‘Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 373(3):232–42.
Hine, Julia, Heather Paterson, Esha Abrol, David Russell-Jones, and Roselle Herring. 2015. ‘SGLT Inhibition and Euglycaemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis’. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 3(7):503–4.
Inzucchi, S. E., B. Zinman, C. Wanner, R. Ferrari, D. Fitchett, S. Hantel, R. M. Espadero, H. J. Woerle, U. C. Broedl, and O. E. Johansen. 2015. ‘SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Proposed Pathways and Review of Ongoing Outcome Trials’. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 12(2):90–100. doi: 10.1177/1479164114559852.
Ismail, Khalida, Kirsty Winkley, and Sophia Rabe-Hesketh. 2004. ‘Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials of Psychological Interventions to Improve Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes’. The Lancet 363(9421):1589–97.
Kosiborod, Mikhail, Matthew A. Cavender, Alex Z. Fu, John P. Wilding, Kamlesh Khunti, Reinhard W. Holl, Anna Norhammar, Kåre I. Birkeland, Marit Eika Jørgensen, Marcus Thuresson, Niki Arya, Johan Bodegård, Niklas Hammar, and Peter Fenici. 2017. ‘Lower Risk of Heart Failure and Death in Patients Initiated on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Versus Other Glucose-Lowering DrugsClinical Perspective’. Circulation 136(3):249–59.
Lipska, Kasia J., Harlan Krumholz, Tacara Soones, and Sei J. Lee. 2016. ‘Polypharmacy in the Aging Patient’. JAMA 315(10). doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0299.
Marso, Steven P., Stephen C. Bain, Agostino Consoli, Freddy G. Eliaschewitz, Esteban Jódar, Lawrence A. Leiter, Ildiko Lingvay, Julio Rosenstock, Jochen Seufert, Mark L. Warren, and Vincent Woo. 2016a. ‘Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 375(19):1834–44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141.
Marso, Steven P., Stephen C. Bain, Agostino Consoli, Freddy G. Eliaschewitz, Esteban Jódar, Lawrence A. Leiter, Ildiko Lingvay, Julio Rosenstock, Jochen Seufert, Mark L. Warren, and Vincent Woo. 2016b. ‘Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 375(19):1834–44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141.
Marso, Steven P., Darren K. McGuire, Bernard Zinman, Neil R. Poulter, Scott S. Emerson, Thomas R. Pieber, Richard E. Pratley, Poul-Martin Haahr, Martin Lange, Kirstine Brown-Frandsen, Alan Moses, Simon Skibsted, Kajsa Kvist, and John B. Buse. 2017. ‘Efficacy and Safety of Degludec versus Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine.
Maruthur, Nisa M., Eva Tseng, Susan Hutfless, Lisa M. Wilson, Catalina Suarez-Cuervo, Zackary Berger, Yue Chu, Emmanuel Iyoha, Jodi B. Segal, and Shari Bolen. 2016. ‘Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes’. Annals of Internal Medicine 164(11). doi: 10.7326/M15-2650.
Nauck, M. A. 2013. ‘A Critical Analysis of the Clinical Use of Incretin-Based Therapies: The Benefits by Far Outweigh the Potential Risks’. Diabetes Care 36(7):2126–32. doi: 10.2337/dc12-2504.
Neal, Bruce, Vlado Perkovic, Kenneth W. Mahaffey, Dick de Zeeuw, Greg Fulcher, Ngozi Erondu, Wayne Shaw, Gordon Law, Mehul Desai, and David R. Matthews. 2017. ‘Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine (377):644–57.
Paul, Sanjoy K., Kerenaftali Klein, Brian L. Thorsted, Michael L. Wolden, and Kamlesh Khunti. 2015. ‘Delay in Treatment Intensification Increases the Risks of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes’. Cardiovascular Diabetology 14(1). doi: 10.1186/s12933-015-0260-x.
Pfeffer, Marc A., Brian Claggett, Rafael Diaz, Kenneth Dickstein, Hertzel C. Gerstein, Lars V. Køber, Francesca C. Lawson, Lin Ping, Xiaodan Wei, Eldrin F. Lewis, Aldo P. Maggioni, John J. V. McMurray, Jeffrey L. Probstfield, Matthew C. Riddle, Scott D. Solomon, and Jean-Claude Tardif. 2015. ‘Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome’. New England Journal of Medicine 373(23):2247–57.
Pieber, Thomas R., Steven P. Marso, Darren K. McGuire, Bernard Zinman, Neil R. Poulter, Scott S. Emerson, Richard E. Pratley, Vincent Woo, Simon Heller, Martin Lange, Kirstine Brown-Frandsen, Alan Moses, Jesper Barner Lekdorf, Lucine Lehmann, Kajsa Kvist, and John B. Buse. 2018. ‘DEVOTE 3: Temporal Relationships between Severe Hypoglycaemia, Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality’. Diabetologia 61(1):58–65.
Rang, H. 2012. ‘Pharmacokinetics’. Pp. 123–31 in Rang & Dale’s pharmacology. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.
Scheen, André J. 2016. ‘SGLT2 Inhibitors: Benefit/Risk Balance’. Current Diabetes Reports 16(10). doi: 10.1007/s11892-016-0789-4.
Scirica, Benjamin M., Deepak L. Bhatt, Eugene Braunwald, P. Gabriel Steg, Jaime Davidson, Boaz Hirshberg, Peter Ohman, Robert Frederich, Stephen D. Wiviott, Elaine B. Hoffman, Matthew A. Cavender, Jacob A. Udell, Nihar R. Desai, Ofri Mosenzon, Darren K. McGuire, Kausik K. Ray, Lawrence A. Leiter, and Itamar Raz. 2013a. ‘Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus’. New England Journal of Medicine 369(14):1317–26. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1307684.
Scirica, Benjamin M., Deepak L. Bhatt, Eugene Braunwald, P. Gabriel Steg, Jaime Davidson, Boaz Hirshberg, Peter Ohman, Robert Frederich, Stephen D. Wiviott, Elaine B. Hoffman, Matthew A. Cavender, Jacob A. Udell, Nihar R. Desai, Ofri Mosenzon, Darren K. McGuire, Kausik K. Ray, Lawrence A. Leiter, and Itamar Raz. 2013b. ‘Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus’. New England Journal of Medicine 369(14):1317–26.
Sinclair, Alan J., Bruce Bode, Stewart Harris, Ujjwala Vijapurkar, Wayne Shaw, Mehul Desai, and Gary Meininger. 2016. ‘Efficacy and Safety of Canagliflozin in Individuals Aged 75 and Older with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pooled Analysis’. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 64(3):543–52. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14028.
The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. 2008. ‘Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 358(24):2545–59.
The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. 2008. ‘Intensive Blood Glucose Control and Vascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 358(24):2560–72.
Vaccaro, Olga, Maria Masulli, Antonio Nicolucci, Enzo Bonora, Stefano Del Prato, Aldo P. Maggioni, Angela A. Rivellese, Sebastiano Squatrito, Carlo B. Giorda, Giorgio Sesti, Paolo Mocarelli, Giuseppe Lucisano, Michele Sacco, Stefano Signorini, Fabrizio Cappellini, Gabriele Perriello, Anna Carla Babini, Annunziata Lapolla, Giovanna Gregori, Carla Giordano, Laura Corsi, Raffaella Buzzetti, Gennaro Clemente, Graziano Di Cianni, Rossella Iannarelli, Renzo Cordera, Olga La Macchia, Chiara Zamboni, Cristiana Scaranna, Massimo Boemi, Ciro Iovine, Davide Lauro, Sergio Leotta, Elisabetta Dall’Aglio, Emanuela Cannarsa, Laura Tonutti, Giuseppe Pugliese, Antonio C. Bossi, Roberto Anichini, Francesco Dotta, Antonino Di Benedetto, Giuseppe Citro, Daniela Antenucci, Lucia Ricci, Francesco Giorgino, Costanza Santini, Agostino Gnasso, Salvatore De Cosmo, Donatella Zavaroni, and Monica Vedovato. 2017. ‘Effects on the Incidence of Cardiovascular Events of the Addition of Pioglitazone versus Sulfonylureas in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled with Metformin (TOSCA.IT): A Randomised, Multicentre Trial’. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 5(11):887–97. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30317-0.
Wanner, Christoph, Silvio E. Inzucchi, John M. Lachin, David Fitchett, Maximilian von Eynatten, Michaela Mattheus, Odd Erik Johansen, Hans J. Woerle, Uli C. Broedl, and Bernard Zinman. 2016. ‘Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 375(4):323–34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1515920.
Wu, Jason H. Y., Celine Foote, Juuso Blomster, Tadashi Toyama, Vlado Perkovic, Johan Sundström, and Bruce Neal. 2016. ‘Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Events, Death, and Major Safety Outcomes in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 4(5):411–19. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00052-8.
Young, Laura A., John B. Buse, Mark A. Weaver, Maihan B. Vu, C. Madeline Mitchell, Tamara Blakeney, Kimberlea Grimm, Jennifer Rees, Franklin Niblock, and Katrina E. Donahue. 2017. ‘Glucose Self-Monitoring in Non–Insulin-Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care Settings’. JAMA Internal Medicine 177(7). doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1233.
Zeitler, P., J. Fu, N. Tandon, K. Nadeau, T. Urakami, T. Bartlett, and D. Maahs. 2014. ‘Type 2 Diabetes in Child and Adolescent’. Pediatric Diabetes 15:26–46.
Zinman, Bernard, Christoph Wanner, John M. Lachin, David Fitchett, Erich Bluhmki, Stefan Hantel, Michaela Mattheus, Theresa Devins, Odd Erik Johansen, Hans J. Woerle, Uli C. Broedl, and Silvio E. Inzucchi. 2015a. ‘Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 373(22):2117–28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.
Zinman, Bernard, Christoph Wanner, John M. Lachin, David Fitchett, Erich Bluhmki, Stefan Hantel, Michaela Mattheus, Theresa Devins, Odd Erik Johansen, Hans J. Woerle, Uli C. Broedl, and Silvio E. Inzucchi. 2015b. ‘Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 373(22):2117–28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.
Zinman, Bernard, Christoph Wanner, John M. Lachin, David Fitchett, Erich Bluhmki, Stefan Hantel, Michaela Mattheus, Theresa Devins, Odd Erik Johansen, Hans J. Woerle, Uli C. Broedl, and Silvio E. Inzucchi. 2015c. ‘Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes’. New England Journal of Medicine 373(22):2117–28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.